Программа научных исследований на 2016 г.
Раздел 1 Программы «Специальные экономические зоны и экономическая интеграция государств»:
А. Общее:
1.1. What is your definition for special tax zone? (Are we talking about economic development zones, tax free zones or what?)
1.2. What is the relationship between the concept tax haven and STZ?
B. Цели:
1.3. What is the economic goal of the STZ regulations?
1.4. Businesses targeted/supported?
1.5. Any political endeavors with STZs?
1.6. Are the STZ regulations limited for certain time-restricted periods?
C. Налоги:
1.7. Are there any constitutional or other domestic limitations applicable on granting tax benefits to certain taxpayers?
1.8. What types of taxes are affected in STZs? Corporate and individual income taxes, real estate and excise taxes, VAT?
1.9. What is the content of STZ tax rules and tax incentives, and what are the requirements?
1.10. What is the role of permanent establishments and controlled foreign companies within the STZ?
1.11. Sanctions when taxpayers do not (anymore) fulfill the requirements?
1.12. Is there any ring fencing in relation to business activities between domestic STZ and non-STZ companies?
1.13. Repatriation of capital, profit, capital gains?
1.14. Exemptions and reliefs for import and export?
1.15. Ports and airports only) What are the specific tax incentives to port and airport activities?
D. Транспарентность:
1.16. What is the level of secrecy on the benefits granted to companies and transactions within the zone?
1.17. Cooperation and information provided to foreign (domestic) authorities?
1.18. Tax treaty network or other international administrative cooperation agreements available?
1.19. Any influence of BEPS, standards on transparency and exchange of information, e.g. automatic notices on benefits granted?
Международные аспекты:
1.20. What is the role of trade agreements?
1.21. Is the tax treaty policy aimed to preserve the benefits granted for the foreign investor, e.g. exemption in the investor’s residence country?
1.22. Does the investor’s residence country grant participation or PE exemption for the income received from the STZ?
1.23. Does BEPS potentially have any effect on the kind of benefits granted (e.g. Actions 3 CFC, 5 harmful tax competition, and 6 treaty abuse)?
E. Практика:
1.24. Considering the STZ start and today, any economic development achieved?
1.25. How can we verify whether the STZ concept is successful in money value or not? Statistics?
1.26. How does the STZ administration work? Effortless or red tape?
1.27. What is the economic and political relationship between STZ and non-STZ companies within the surrounding jurisdiction? Business with each other? Disagreement/irritation on conditions?
1.28. What is your opinion on differences between developed and developing country STZs?
F. Выводы:
1.29. Considering the economic (political and/or social) goals and possible time frame, is the time frame enough?
1.30. The STZ and its role in the future?
1.31. The recommendations on STZ future taxation (or other alleviations)?
1.32. Considering the possible goals of the BRICS, UN, OECD, EU, ASEAN and other organizations, how do the STZs fit into the context?
Раздел 2 Программы «Правовые проблемы взаимодействия различных интеграционных образований и зон свободной торговли»:
2.1. Право ВТО и глобальные правила международной торговли и трансграничной инвестиционной деятельности
2.2. Право ЕАЭС и зона свободной торговли СНГ
2.3. Правовой режим взаимодействия ЕАЭС – ЕС
2.4. Правовой режим взаимодействия зон свободной торговле в Южно-азиатском и Тихоокеанском регионах.
Раздел 3 Программы «Многосторонняя налоговая конвенция и система разрешения трансграничных налоговых споров: подход государств БРИКС»:
3.1. BEPS and Taxation of Cross-Border Trade and Investments in Russia
3.1.1. Main Characteristics of the Russian Tax System
3.1.2. The Network of Russian Tax Treaties & RF Model Tax Convention
3.1.3. Limitation of benefits (LOB)
3.1.4. CFC Rules (since 2015)
3.1.5. Thin capitalization Rules (Article 269 (2) of the RF Tax Code)
3.1.6. Transfer Pricing Rules
3.1.7. GAAR & Special Anti-Avoidance Measures
3.1.8. New Tax Incentives for Investors (Free Port of Vladivostok & etc.)
3.2. International Tax Treaty Policy in BRICS Countries
3.2.1. Tax Coordination as an element of Economic Integration?
3.2.2. International Agreements on Exchange of Information
3.2.3. GAAR & Special Anti-Avoidance Measures in BRICS Countries
3.3. Multilateralism in International Tax Law: General observations
3.2.1. Introduction
3.2.2. Multilateralism in International Tax Law before BEPS
3.2.3. Developing a multilateral instrument in accordance with the BEPS Action Plan
3.2.4. Mandate to launch negotiations on a Multilateral Instrument
3.2.5. The precise content of a multilateral instrument?
3.2.6. The BEPS project: a threat for tax sovereignty of developing countries?
3.2.7. The key elements of multilateralism
3.4. Conclusive remarks
3.4.1. Actions which per se do not require multilateral instrument
3.4.2. Areas of possible common interest (for developed and developing countries)
3.4.3. Areas of developed countries’ concern
Раздел 4 Программы «Трансграничное налогообложение имущества и доходов от использования недвижимости в современной глобальной экономической системе (правовые аспекты)»
1 Introduction
1.1 Policy
1.1.1 Summary of the article
1.1.2 Policy of the article
1.2 History
1.2.1 League of Nations and OEEC/OECD, 1963
1.2.1 League of Nations and Draft Conventions, 1927 – 1935
- Situs principle and taxation of income from immovable property situated in the third state.
- Permanent Establishment Principle vs. Situs Principle
- General scope of Article 2 of 1927 and 1928 Draft Conventions
- Further development and the activity of the LN Fiscal Committee in 1929 – 1935
1.2.2 Mexico 1943 draft and London 1946 draft Conventions
1.2.3 Organization for European Economic Co-operation, 1948 – 1963
1.2.2 OECD after 1963
1.3 Relationship to basic principles of international taxation
2 Residence country taxing rights
2.1 Taxing rights
2.2 Exceptions
3 Source country taxing rights
3.1 Taxing rights
3.2 Exceptions
3.3 Sourcing / arising rule
4 Method of taxation
4.1 At residence
4.2 At source
4.2.1 Net vs. gross taxation
4.2.2 Deductibility of losses
4.2.3 Solutions based on simultaneous application of Articles 6 and 7
5 Income covered
5.1 Type of income
5.1.1 Definition of immovable property
5.1.1.1 Reference to national law of contracting states vs. tax treaty definition
5.1.1.2 Immovable property and real property
5.1.1.3 Transport means as immovable property
5.1.2 Income from immovable property
5.1.2.1 Income from “direct use of immovable property”
5.1.2.2 Agricultural, forestry and similar activities as “direct use” of immovable property
5.1.2.2.1 Standard approach
5.1.2.2.2 Standard approach and domestic special tax treatment regimes
5.1.2.2.3 Exceptions
5.1.2.3 Income from natural resources
5.1.2.4 Income from shares or rights, which are treated therein as income from immovable property / occupation as “direct use” of immovable property
5.1.2.5 Income from movable property that is treated as income derived from immovable property
5.1.2.6 Income from letting of immovable property
5.1.2.6.1 Definition
5.1.2.6.2 Issues concerning the method of taxation
5.1.2.7 Income from mixed activity
5.1.2.8 Income from immovable property and income from alienation of immovable property
5.1.3 Income from immovable property of an enterprise
5.2 Geographical limitation
6 Relationship to other articles
6.1 Express provisions
6.2 Implicit relationships
6.3 Terms defined elsewhere
6.4 Meta topics
Программа научных исследований на 2015 г.
1. Применение досудебных практик урегулирования налоговых споров и перспективы использования методов медиации в сфере налоговых отношений - внутригосударственные аспекты
1.1. Досудебное урегулирование споров при рассмотрении возражений налогоплательщика на акт налоговой проверки и при разрешении его апелляционной жалобы в вышестоящий налоговый орган;
1.2. Заключение мировых соглашений в судах между налогоплательщиками и налоговыми органами: насколько востребована эта практика?;
1.3. Дискреция при оценке доказательств по налоговому делу как область использования методов медиации для досудебного урегулирования налогового спора; международные и интеграционные аспекты;
1.4. Взаимосогласительная процедура по международным налоговым соглашениям как область применения методов медиации в трансграничных налоговых соглашениях;
1.5. Налоговый арбитраж по международным налоговым соглашениям и иным международным соглашениям, затрагивающим налоговые вопросы, vs. применение методов медиации;
1.6. Обращение в наднациональные судебные органы (Суд ЕС, Суд ЕврАзЭС/ЕАЭС) vs. применение методов медиации.
2. Модернизация налогового законодательства и практики его применения в условиях конкуренции налоговых систем и универсализации правил трансграничной экономической деятельности
2.1. Проблемы модернизации законодательства о корпоративном налогообложении и концепция бенефициарного собственника (beneficial owner): имплементация подходов ОЭСР или российская альтернатива?; статья 7 НК РФ; статья 312 НК РФ; понятие «бенефициарного собственника» и института ограничения выгод по налоговому договору («limitation of benefits / LOB») в российских налоговых договорах и их интерпретация Министерством финансов РФ и судебной практикой;
2.2. Российское законодательство о контролируемых иностранных компаниях (CFC) и перспективы его применение в глобальном контексте; законодательство о CFC и международный обмен информацией; законодательство о CFC и концепция корпоративного резидентства в российском праве;
2.3. Налогообложение заемных обязательств во внутригосударственных и трансграничных ситуациях: правила тонкой капитализации vs. положения о недискриминации двусторонних налоговых соглашений – тенденции 2014 – 2015 годов.
3. Общие и специфические дискуссионные вопросы определения и реализации согласованной международной налогово-правовой политики государств–членов БРИКС
3.1. Introduction: General Issues of International Tax Policy of BRICS Countries (in particular, Brazil & Russia);
3.2. Comparative analysis of the Russian Federation tax system / domestic tax law and the Brazilian Republic (República Federativa do Brasil) tax system / domestic tax law;
3.3. International Tax Treaty Policies of Russia and Brazil: a comparative analysis;
3.4. Peculiarities of the International Tax Treaty Policy of China;
3.5. Peculiarities of the International Tax Treaty Policy of India;
3.6. Peculiarities of the International Tax Treaty Policy of the South Africa;
3.7. Art. 6 of the OECD Model Convention / the UN Model Convention – taxation of incomes from immovable property;
3.8. Art. 7 of the OECD Model Convention / the UN Model Convention – Taxation of Business Profits & Art. 5 of the OECD Model Convention / the UN Model Convention – Permanent Establishment (in particular, Services PE);
3.9. Art. 10, 11, 12 of the OECD Model Convention / the UN Model Convention – Dividends, Interest, Royalties (in particular, issues of interpretation of the concept “beneficial owner”);
3.10. The concept of “Technical Services” – issues of Tax Treaty Qualification;
3.11. Art. 13 of the OECD Model Convention / the UN Model Convention – Capital Gains / Taxation at Source;
3.12. Art. 14, 15 of the OECD Model Convention / the UN Model Convention – Dependent and Independent Work;
3.13. Art. 24 of the OECD Model Convention / the UN Model Convention – Principle of Non-Discrimination and other principles of International Tax Law;
3.14. Art. 9 of the OECD Model Convention / the UN Model Convention – Transfer Pricing / Formulary Apportionment;
3.15. Art. 23 of the OECD Model Convention / the UN Model Convention – Methods of Avoidance of Double Taxation (in particular, Tax Sparing Credit and Procedural Aspects);
3.16. Art. 26 of the OECD Model Convention / the UN Model Convention – Exchange of Information / Bank Secrecy;
3.17. Art. 27 of the OECD Model Convention / the UN Model Convention – Mutual Agreement Procedure.
Цели Института права БРИКС
Основными целями создания и деятельности Института права БРИКС являются: